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Aspect of history

New England is the oldest conspicuously defined region of the U.s.a., being settled more than 150 years before the American Revolution. The outset English language colony in New England, Plymouth Colony, was established in 1620 past Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution in England; a French colony established in 1604 on Saint Croix Isle, Maine had failed. Plymouth was the 2d English colony in America, subsequently Jamestown. A big influx of Puritans populated the greater region during the Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640), largely in the Boston and Salem area. Farming, fishing, and lumbering prospered, as did whaling and sea trading.

New England writers and events in the region helped launch and sustain the American War of Independence, which began when fighting erupted between British troops and Massachusetts militia in the Battles of Lexington and Agree. The region later became a stronghold of the conservative Federalist Political party.

By the 1840s, New England was the center of the American anti-slavery movement and was the leading strength in American literature and higher education. Information technology was at the center of the Industrial Revolution in America, with many cloth mills and machine shops operating by 1830. The region was the manufacturing center of the entire United states for much of the nineteenth century, and it played an of import role during and after the American Civil State of war equally a fervent intellectual, political, and cultural promoter of abolitionism and civil rights.

Manufacturing in the United States began to shift s and w during the 20th century, and New England experienced a sustained menstruation of economic decline and de-industrialization. By the showtime of the 21st century, nonetheless, the region had become a centre for technology, weapons manufacturing, scientific enquiry, and financial services.

Pre-Colonial [edit]

New England was inhabited by the Iroquois culture from the 12th century to the 18th century. European settlers referred to the region as Norumbega, named for a fabled city that was supposed to exist there.

Earlier the inflow of colonists, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, too as parts of Quebec and western Maine.[one] Their principal town was Norridgewock in Maine.[2] The Penobscots were settled along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Wampanoags occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha'due south Vineyard and Nantucket; the Pocumtucks were in Western Massachusetts. The Narragansetts occupied almost of Rhode Island, particularly around Narragansett Bay.

The Connecticut region was inhabited by the Mohegan and Pequot tribes before colonization. The Connecticut River Valley linked different tribes in cultural, linguistic, and political ways.[3] The tribes grew maize, tobacco, kidney beans, squash, and Jerusalem artichoke.

The first European to visit the surface area was the Portuguese explorer Estêvão Gomes in 1525. Gomes, who worked for the Castilian Empire, reached the shores of Maine and mapped them. Later on that, Gomes sailed forth the coast of North America (including New England). The start European settlement in New England was a French colony established by Samuel de Champlain on Saint Croix Isle, Maine in 1604.[4] Every bit early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began to trade metal, glass, and cloth for local beaver pelts.[3] [5]

Colonial era [edit]

Early British settlement (1607–1620) [edit]

A 17th-century map shows New England as a coastal enclave extending from Greatcoat Cod to New France

On April x, 1606, Rex James I of England issued two charters, 1 each for the Virginia Company of London (oftentimes referred to as the London Company) and the Virginia Company of Plymouth, England (oftentimes referred to as the Plymouth Company).[6] [7] The two companies were required to maintain a separation of 100 miles (160 km), fifty-fifty where the ii charters overlapped.[8] [9] [ten] The London Company was authorized to make settlements from North Carolina to New York (31 to 41 degrees North Latitude), provided that there was no conflict with the Plymouth Visitor'due south charter. The purpose of both was to claim land for England and to found trade.

Nether the charters, the territory allocated was defined every bit follows:

  1. Virginia Company of London: All state inside 100 miles (160 km) from the coast, including islands, and implying a westward limit of 100 miles (160 km), between 34 degrees (Cape Fright, North Carolina) and 41 degrees (Long Island Sound, New York) north latitude.[6] [seven]
  2. Virginia Company of Plymouth: All land inside 100 miles (160 km) from the coast, including islands, and implying a westward limit of 100 miles (160 km), between 38 degrees (Chesapeake Bay, Virginia) and 45 degrees (edge betwixt Canada and Maine) due north breadth.[6] [7] Its charter included land extending as far every bit northern Maine.

These were privately funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, establish trade, and return a turn a profit. The London Visitor successfully established a colony in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The Plymouth Company did not fulfill its charter, merely the region chartered to information technology was named "New England" by Captain John Smith of Jamestown in his account of ii voyages there, published every bit A Description of New England.

Plymouth Colony (1620–1643) [edit]

The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Plymouth Company was replaced by a regal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint-stock visitor established to colonize and govern the region. In Dec 1620, the permanent settlement of Plymouth Colony was established by the Pilgrims, English Puritan separatists who arrived on the Mayflower. They held a feast of gratitude which became part of the American tradition of Thanksgiving. Plymouth Colony had a small population and size, and information technology was absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.

Massachusetts Bay [edit]

Puritans began to immigrate from England in large numbers, and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived, although many died soon after arrival.

The Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit, and politically innovative culture that still influences the U.s..[eleven] They fled England and attempted to create a "nation of saints" or a "City upon a Colina" in America, a community designed to be an example for all of Europe.

It does bear mentioning the issuance of the pine tree shilling and the "Hull Mint". John Hull partnered with Robert Sanderson and they struck the "pine tree shilling" in 1652.[12] Inscription: "The Hull Mint - Near this site stood the starting time mint in the British colonies of North America. Before 1652, the Massachusetts financial organization was based on bartering and strange coinage. The scarcity of coin currency was a trouble for the growth of the New England economy. On May 27, 1652, the Massachusetts General Court appointed John Hull, a local silversmith, to be Boston'due south mint master without notifying or seeking permission from the British government. The Hull Mint produced several denominations of silver coinage, including the famous silver pine tree schilling, for over 30 years until the political and economical situation made operating the mint no longer practical."[xiii]

Rhode Island and Connecticut [edit]

Incorporated Towns in New England as they appeared around 1700

Roger Williams preached religious freedom, separation of Church and State, and a complete break from the Church of England. He was banished from Massachusetts for his theological views and led a group south to found Providence Plantations in 1636. It merged with other settlements to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which became a haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews, and others, including Anne Hutchinson who had been banished during the Antinomian Controversy.[14]

On March 3, 1636, the Connecticut Colony was granted a charter and established its own government, arresting the nearby New Haven Colony. Vermont was still unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were governed by Massachusetts.

The Dominion of New England (1686–1689) [edit]

King James II of England became concerned about the increasingly independent means of the colonies, in particular their cocky-governing charters, open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and increasing armed services power. He decreed the Dominion of New England in 1686, an administrative union of all the New England colonies, and the Province of New York and the Province of New Jersey were added into it two years subsequently. The spousal relationship was imposed upon the colonies and removed virtually all the leaders who had been elected by the colonists themselves, and information technology was highly unpopular as a result. The Connecticut Colony refused to evangelize their lease to dominion Governor Edmund Andros in 1687, then he sent an armed contingent to seize it. Co-ordinate to tradition, the colonists hid the charter within the Charter Oak tree. King James was removed from the throne in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and Andros was arrested and sent back to England past the colonists during the 1689 Boston Revolt.[15]

Map of the British and French dominions in North America in 1755, showing what the English considered New England

Government of the colonies [edit]

Most of the colonial charters were significantly modified after the Glorious Revolution in 1689, with the engagement of purple governors to nearly every colony. An uneasy tension existed betwixt the Purple Governors and the officials who had been elected by the colonists themselves. The governors wanted essentially unlimited powers, and the dissimilar layers of elected officials resisted as all-time they could. In almost cases, towns continued operating every bit cocky-governing bodies, as they had washed previously and ignored the royal governors whenever possible. The New England colonies were non formally united again until 1776 when all thirteen colonies alleged themselves independent states in a larger unit of measurement chosen the Us of America.

Population and demographics [edit]

The regional economy grew rapidly in the 17th century, thanks to heavy immigration, high birth rates, low death rates, and an abundance of inexpensive farmland.[sixteen] The population grew from three,000 in 1630 to fourteen,000 in 1640, 33,000 in 1660, 68,000 in 1680, and 91,000 in 1700. Betwixt 1630 and 1643, about 20,000 Puritans arrived, settling mostly near Boston; later 1643, fewer than l immigrants arrived per year. The average size of a family 1660-1700 was 7.one children; the birth rate was 49 babies per year per thousand people, and the expiry rate was about 22 deaths per twelvemonth per one thousand people. Most 27 per centum of the population was equanimous of men betwixt sixteen and 60 years old.[17]

Economic science [edit]

The New England colonies were settled largely by farmers who became relatively self-sufficient. The region's economy gradually began to focus on crafts and trade, in contrast to the Southern colonies whose agrarian economic system focused more than heavily on foreign and domestic merchandise.[18]

New England fulfilled the economic expectations of its Puritan founders. The Puritan economic system was based on the efforts of self-supporting farmsteads which traded simply for goods that they could not produce themselves, unlike the cash crop-oriented plantations of the Chesapeake region.[xix] New England became an important mercantile and shipbuilding center, forth with agronomics, fishing, and logging, serving equally the hub for trading betwixt the southern colonies and Europe.[20]

The region'due south economic system grew steadily over the unabridged colonial era, despite the lack of a staple ingather that could exist exported. All the colonies fostered economical growth past subsidizing projects that improved the infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, inns, and ferries. They gave bounties and monopolies to sawmills, grist mills, fe mills, fulling mills (which treated cloth), salt works, and glassworks. Most of import, colonial legislatures set up a legal organization that was conducive to business concern enterprise past resolving disputes, enforcing contracts, and protecting holding rights. Hard piece of work and entrepreneurship characterized the region, equally the Puritans and Yankees endorsed the "Protestant Work Ethic" which enjoined men to work difficult every bit part of their divine calling.[21]

New England conducted a robust merchandise within the English language domain in the mid-18th century. They exported pickled beef and pork to the Caribbean, onions, and potatoes from the Connecticut Valley, northern pine and oak staves from which the planters constructed containers to send their sugar and molasses, Narragansett Pacers from Rhode Island, and "plugs" to run carbohydrate mills.[22]

The benefits of growth were widely distributed, with even farm laborers amend off at the end of the colonial period. The growing population led to shortages of expert farmland on which young families could establish themselves; one result was to delay wedlock, and another was to move to new lands farther west. In the towns and cities, in that location was strong entrepreneurship and a steady increase in the specialization of labor. Wages went up steadily before 1775, and new occupations were opening for women, including weaving, teaching, and tailoring. The region bordered New France, and the British poured money in to buy supplies, build roads, and pay colonial soldiers in several wars. The littoral ports began to specialize in line-fishing, international trade, shipbuilding, and whaling later 1780. These factors combined with growing urban markets for farm products and allowed the economic system to flourish despite the lack of technological innovation.[23]

Benjamin Franklin examined the hovels in Scotland in 1772 which surrounded opulent mansions occupied by the landowners. He said that every homo in New England is a property possessor, "has a Vote in public Diplomacy, lives in a tidy, warm house, has plenty of good Nutrient and Fuel, with whole clothes from Head to Human foot, the Manufacture maybe of his own family."[24]

Educational activity [edit]

The first public schools in America were established past the Puritans in New England during the 17th century. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is the oldest public school in the Us.[25] Lawrence Cremin writes that colonists tried at first to educate by the traditional English language methods of family, church, customs, and apprenticeship, with schools later condign the key amanuensis in "socialization". At outset, the rudiments of literacy and arithmetic were taught inside the family unit. Past the mid-19th century, the function of the schools had expanded to such an extent that many of the educational tasks traditionally handled by parents became the responsibleness of the schools.[26] [27]

All the New England colonies required towns to fix schools. In 1642, the Massachusetts Bay Colony made education compulsory, and other New England colonies followed. Similar statutes were adopted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s. The schools were all male, with few facilities for girls.[28] Common schools appeared in the 18th century, where students of all ages were nether the control of one instructor in 1 room. They were publicly supplied at the local town level; they were non free merely were supported past tuition or rate bills.

The larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school.[29] The about famous was the Boston Latin School, which is still in operation as a public high school. Hopkins School in New Haven, Connecticut was some other. By the 1780s, most had been replaced past individual academies. By the early 19th century, New England operated a network of aristocracy private loftier schools (now called "prep schools") typified by Phillips Andover Academy (1778), Phillips Exeter University (1781), and Deerfield Academy (1797). They became coeducational in the 1970s and remain highly prestigious in the 21st century.[30] [31]

Colleges and churches were often copied from European architecture; Boston College was originally dubbed Oxford in America

Harvard Higher was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 and named in honor of benefactor John Harvard. Nigh of the funding came from the colony, but the higher began to collect an endowment. Harvard was founded to train young men for the ministry, and information technology won general support from the Puritan colonies. Yale College was founded in 1701 and was relocated to New Haven in 1716. The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers. Dartmouth College was chartered in 1769 and grew out of a schoolhouse for Indians; it was moved to Hanover, New Hampshire in 1770. Chocolate-brown Academy was founded by Baptists in 1764 as the Higher in the English Colony of Rhode Isle and Providence Plantations. It was the first higher in America to admit students from any denominational background.[32]

1764-1900 [edit]

American Revolution [edit]

New England was the centre of revolutionary activity in the decade before 1775. On June ix, 1772, Rhode Island residents banded together and burned HMS Gaspee in response to that ship's harassment of merchant shipping—and smuggling—in Narragansett Bay.

Massachusetts politicians Samuel Adams, John Adams, and John Hancock rose as leaders in the growing resentment toward English dominion. New Englanders were very proud of their political freedoms and local democracy, which they felt was increasingly threatened past the English authorities. The principal grievance was revenue enhancement, which colonists argued could merely be imposed by their own legislatures and non past the Parliament in London. Their political cry was "no tax without representation."

Certificate of the government of Massachusetts Bay acknowledging loan of £20 to state treasury 1777

A ship was planning to land tea in Boston on Dec sixteen, 1773, and Patriots associated with the Sons of Liberty raided the ship and dumped all the tea into the harbor. This Boston Tea Political party outraged British officials, and the King and Parliament decided to punish Massachusetts, passing the Intolerable Acts in 1774. This closed the port of Boston, the economic lifeblood of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and it ended self-authorities, putting the people nether military dominion.

The Patriots gear up upward a shadow authorities which the British Regular army attacked on Apr 18, 1775, at Concord, Massachusetts. British troops were forced back to Boston by the local militias on the 19th in the Battles of Lexington and Concord where the famous "shot heard 'round the world" was fired. The British army controlled merely the city of Boston, and it was chop-chop brought under siege. The Continental Congress took control of the state of war, sending General George Washington to take charge. He forced the British to evacuate in March 1776. After that, the chief warfare moved south, just the British made repeated raids forth the coast, seizing Newport, Rhode Island and parts of Maine for a while.[33]

Early national period [edit]

After independence, New England ceased to exist a unified political unit of measurement but remained a defined historical and cultural region consisting of its constituent states. Past 1784, all of the states in the region had introduced the gradual abolitionism of slavery, with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783, respectively.[34] During the War of 1812, some Federalists considered seceding from the Union, and some New England merchants opposed the war with U.k. considering she was their greatest trading partner. Twenty-seven delegates from all over New England met in Hartford in the wintertime of 1814-15 for the Hartford Convention to discuss changes to the United states of america Constitution that would protect the region and retain political power. The war concluded triumphantly, and the Federalist Party was permanently discredited and faded away.[35]

The territory of Maine was a part of Massachusetts, but it was admitted to the Spousal relationship every bit an independent country in 1820 as role of the Missouri Compromise. Today, New England is defined every bit u.s. of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.[36]

New England remained distinct from the other states in terms of politics, often going against the grain of the rest of the country. Massachusetts and Connecticut were amidst the terminal refuges of the Federalist Party, and New England became the strongest bastion of the new Whig Political party when the Second Party System began in the 1830s. Leading statesmen hailed from the region, including conservative Whig orator Daniel Webster.

New England proved to be the center of the strongest abolitionist sentiment in the country, along with areas that were settled from New England, such as upstate New York, Ohio's Western Reserve, and u.s.a. of Michigan and Wisconsin. Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were New Englanders, and the region was dwelling to anti-slavery politicians John Quincy Adams, Charles Sumner, and John P. Hale. The anti-slavery Republican Party was formed in the 1850s, and all of New England became strongly Republican, including areas that had previously been strongholds for the Whig and Democrat Parties. The region remained Republican until the early 20th century when immigration turned the states of southern New England towards the Democrats.

The 1860 Census showed that 32 of the 100 largest cities in the country were in New England, besides equally the about highly educated. New England produced numerous literary and intellectual figures in the nineteenth century, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, and others.[37]

Industrialization [edit]

New England was an early center of the industrial revolution. The Beverly Cotton Mill was the first cotton mill in America, founded in Beverly, Massachusetts in 1787,[38] and was considered the largest cotton factory of its time. Technological developments and achievements from the Factory led to the evolution of other, more advanced cotton mills, including Slater Factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Several fabric mills were already underway during the time. Towns became famed as centers of the textile industry, such as Lawrence, Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, and Lewiston, Maine, post-obit models from Slater Mill and the Beverly Cotton Manufactory.

Textile manufacturing in New England was growing rapidly, which acquired a shortage of workers. Recruiters were hired past manufacturing plant agents to bring young women and children from the countryside to work in the factories, and thousands of subcontract girls left their rural homes in New England to work in the mills between 1830 and 1860, hoping to help their families financially, salvage up for marriage, and widen their horizons. They also left their homes due to population pressures to look for opportunities in expanding New England cities. The majority of female workers came from rural farming towns in northern New England. Immigration also grew along with the growth of the textile industry—but the number of young women working in the mills decreased equally the number of Irish gaelic workers increased.[39]

Agriculture [edit]

As New England's urban, industrial economic system transformed from the beginning of the early national period (~1790) to the middle of the nineteenth century, then too did its agricultural economy. At the beginning of this menses, when the Us was just emerging from its colonial past, the agronomical mural of New England was defined overwhelmingly past subsistence farming.[xl] The primary crops produced were wheat, barley, rye, oats, turnips, parsnips, carrots, onions, cucumbers, beets, corn, beans, pumpkins, squashes, and melons.[41] Because there was not a sufficiently large New England-based dwelling house market for agricultural products due to the absence of a big nonagricultural population, New England farmers, by and big, had no incentive to commercialize their farms.[40] Thus, equally farmers could not find very many markets nearby to sell to, they generally could not earn enough income with which to buy many new products for themselves. This not only meant that farmers would largely produce their own food, but also that they tended to produce their ain furniture, clothing, and soap, among other household items.[40] Hence, according to historian Percy Bidwell, at the onset of the early on national catamenia, much of the New England agricultural economy was characterized by a "lack of exchange; lack of differentiation of employments or division of labor; the absence of progress in agricultural methods; a relatively depression standard of living; emigration and social stagnation."[40] As Bidwell writes, the farming in New England at this time was "practically compatible" with many farmers distributing their land "in almost the aforementioned proportions into pasturage, woodland, and tillage, and raised about the aforementioned crops and kept well-nigh the same kind and quantity of stock" every bit other farmers.[42] This situation would, however, be radically different by 1850, by which time a highly specialized agronomical economy producing a host of new and differentiated products had emerged. Two factors were primarily responsible for the revolutionary changes in the agricultural economic system of New England during the period from 1790 to 1850: (1) The rise of the manufacturing industry in New England (industrialization), and (2) agricultural competition from the western states.[43]

During this period, the industrial jobs created in New England's towns and cities affected the agricultural economy profoundly by generating a quickly growing nonagricultural, urbanizing population. The farmers finally had a nearby market to which they could sell their crops, and thus an opportunity to obtain incomes beyond what they produced for subsistence.[44] This new market enabled farmers to make their farms more productive.[44] There was a resultant motility away from subsistence farming toward the production of specialized crops. The demands of the consumers of the crops, whether factories or individuals, now determined the kinds of crops that each farm cultivated. Potash, pearlash, charcoal, and fuelwood were amidst the agronomical products that were produced in greater quantities during this time.[45] The increasing specialization of agriculture even led to the production of tobacco, a predominantly southern crop, from primal Connecticut to northern Massachusetts, where natural conditions were amenable to its growth.[46] Many agricultural societies were formed to promote improved farming,[47] and they did so by dispensing information on new technological innovations such every bit the cast-iron plow, which rapidly replaced the wooden plough by the 1830s, besides as mowing machines and horse-rakes.[48] Some other important event of the manufacturing boom in New England was the new abundance of cheap products that formerly had to be produced on the subcontract. For example, myriad new mills produced inexpensive textiles, and it now made more economic sense for many farm women to purchase these textiles rather than spin and weave them at home. Women consequently found new employment elsewhere, typically at the mills, many of which had a shortage of workers, and they began to earn cash incomes.[49]

The agricultural competition that emerged from the western states due to transportation improvements (e.grand., railroads and steamboats) as well helped shape agriculture in New England. Competition from the western states was principally responsible for the decline in local pork production and cattle-fattening, too equally that in wheat production.[49] New England farmers now aimed to produce appurtenances with which western farmers could not compete. Consequently, many New England farms came to specialize in "highly perishable and bulky produce," according to historian Darwin Kelsey. These crops included milk, butter, potatoes, and broomcorn.[50] Thus, both the ascent of manufacturing during the industrial revolution and the rise of western competition generated substantial agronomical specialization.

The largely differentiated agronomical landscape of the New England of 1850[51] was singled-out from the subsistence-dominated landscape that existed 40–60 years prior. This menstruum of fourth dimension, therefore, was not only noteworthy in terms of New England'south industrial revolution, simply also in terms of New England's agronomical revolution. MIT economic historian Peter Temin has pointed out that the "transformation of the New England economic system in the center fifty years of the nineteenth century was comparable in scope and intensity to the Asian 'miracles' of Korea and Taiwan in the half-century since World War II."[52] The extensive changes in agriculture that occurred were an important attribute of this economic procedure.

At that place accept been waves of clearing from Ireland, Quebec, Italy, Portugal, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the U.s.a., and elsewhere.

New England and political idea [edit]

During the colonial flow and the early years of the American republic, New England leaders like James Otis, John Adams, and Samuel Adams joined Patriots in Philadelphia and Virginia to ascertain Republicanism, and pb the colonies to a state of war for independence confronting Bang-up Uk. New England was a Federalist stronghold and strongly opposed the State of war of 1812. After 1830 it became a Whig party, stronghold as exemplified by Daniel Webster in the 2nd Political party System. At the fourth dimension of the American Civil War, New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the Midwest, which had long since abolished slavery, united confronting the Amalgamated States of America, ending the exercise in the United States. Henry David Thoreau, iconic New England author and philosopher, made the instance for civil disobedience and individualism.

French Canadians [edit]

French-Canadians living in rural Canada was attracted to New England textile mills after 1850,[53] [54] and almost 600,000 migrated to the U.S., particularly to New England.[55] The first immigrants went to nearby areas of northern Vermont and New Hampshire, but southern Massachusetts became the primary destination from the late 1870s until the finish of the last immigration wave in the early on 1900s.[56] Many of these after immigrants were looking for brusque-term employment that would permit them to make enough coin to go back dwelling house and settle comfortably, but approximately half of the Canadian settlers remained permanently.[57] By 1900, 573,000 French Canadians had immigrated to New England.[58]

These people settled together in neighborhoods colloquially called Little Canada, but those neighborhoods faded away later 1960.[59] In that location were few French-linguistic communication institutions in New England other than Catholic churches. There were French newspapers; more than than 250 came into being and became defunct from the mid-19th century to the 1930s, some lasting months at a time, others remaining for decades.[sixty] By 1937, at that place were 21,[60] but they were found to have a total of only 50,000 subscribers at that time.[61] The World State of war II generation avoided bilingual pedagogy for their children, and insisted they speak English language.[62] By 1976, ix in 10 Franco Americans usually spoke English and scholars more often than not agreed that "the younger generation of Franco-American youth had rejected their heritage."[63]

Since 1900 [edit]

Railroads [edit]

The New Oasis railroad was the leading carrier in New England from 1872 to 1968. New York'due south leading banker, J. P. Morgan, had grown upwards in Hartford and had a strong interest in the New England economic system. Starting in the 1890s Morgan began financing the major New England railroads, such as the New Haven and the Boston and Maine, dividing territory and then they would not compete. In 1903 he brought in Charles Mellen equally president of the New Haven (1903-1913). The goal, richly supported past Morgan's financing, was to purchase and consolidate the main railway lines of New England, merge their operations, lower their costs, electrify the heavily used routes, and modernize the system. With less competition and lower costs, there supposedly would exist college profits. The New Haven purchased 50 smaller companies, including streetcars, freight steamers, passenger steamships, and a network of low-cal rails (electrified trolleys) that provided inter-urban transportation for all of southern New England. By 1912, the New Haven operated over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of a track, with 120,000 employees, and practically monopolized traffic in a wide swath from Boston to New York Urban center.

Morgan'south quest for monopoly angered reformers during the Progressive Era, about notably Boston lawyer Louis Brandeis, who fought the New Haven for years. Mellen's annoying tactics alienated public opinion, led to loftier prices for acquisitions and also costly construction. The accident rate rose when efforts were fabricated to salve on maintenance costs. Debt soared from $xiv million in 1903 to $242 million in 1913. Besides in 1913 it was striking past an anti-trust lawsuit by the federal regime and was forced to surrender its trolley systems.[64] The advent of automobiles, trucks and buses after 1910 slashed the profits of the New Oasis. The line went bankrupt in 1935, was reorganized and reduced in scope, went bankrupt over again in 1961, and in 1969 was merged into the Penn Central arrangement, which itself went bankrupt. The remnants of the system are now role of Conrail.[65]

The automotive revolution came much faster than anyone expected, specially the railroad executives. In 1915 Connecticut had 40,000 automobiles; v years later information technology had 120,000. There was even faster growth in trucks from 7,000 to 24,000.[66]

Weather condition [edit]

In the 1930s and 1940s there were winter "outing clubs" in a number of areas in New England which held dog sled races, ski jumping, and cross state competitions; sulky races on cleared streets, and dances.[67]

The 1938 New England hurricane hit the region (and Long Isle) hard, killing about 700 people. Having deviated from the path predicted past the U.S. Atmospheric condition Bureau, the hurricane gave little warning and leveled thousands of buildings. Federal also as local agencies provided assistance to New Englanders, and the modernistic disaster relief system was created in the process of that collaboration.[68] Information technology blew downward 15,000,000 acres (61,000 km2) of copse, one-3rd of the total forest at the time in New England. 3 billion board feet were salvaged. Many of the older trees in the region are about 75 years quondam, dating from after this storm.[69]

Economic system [edit]

The New England economy was radically transformed later on Globe War II. The factory economy practically disappeared. The material mills one by i went out of business concern from the 1920s to the 1970s. For instance, the Crompton Company, later on 178 years in business concern, went broke in 1984, costing the jobs of 2,450 workers in five states. The major reasons were inexpensive imports, the strong dollar, declining exports, and a failure to diversify.[seventy] Shoes followed. What remains is very loftier applied science manufacturing, such every bit jet engines, nuclear submarines, pharmaceuticals, robotics, scientific instruments, and medical devices. MIT (the Massachusetts Establish of Technology) invented the format for university-industry relations in high tech fields and spawned many software and hardware firms, some of which grew rapidly.[71] By the 21st century the region had become famous for its leadership roles in the fields of education, medicine, and medical research, high-technology, finance, and tourism.[72]

Famous leaders [edit]

Eight presidents of the United States have been built-in in New England, however, only v are normally affiliated with the area. They are, in chronological guild: John Adams (Massachusetts), John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), Chester A. Arthur (built-in in Vermont, affiliated with New York), Calvin Coolidge (built-in in Vermont, affiliated with Massachusetts), John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), George H. W. Bush-league (born in Massachusetts, affiliated with Texas) and George Westward. Bush-league (built-in in Connecticut, affiliated with Texas).

9 vice presidents of the Us have been born in New England, however, again but v are usually affiliated with the expanse. They are, in chronological order: John Adams, Elbridge Gerry (Massachusetts), Hannibal Hamlin (Maine), Henry Wilson (born in New Hampshire, affiliated with Massachusetts), Chester A. Arthur, Levi P. Morton (born in Vermont, affiliated with New York), Calvin Coolidge, Nelson Rockefeller (born in Maine, affiliated with New York), George H.W. Bush.

Xi of the Speakers of the Usa House of Representatives have been elected from New England. They are, in chronological social club: Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (2d Speaker, Connecticut), Theodore Sedgwick (fifth Speaker, Massachusetts), Joseph Bradley Varnum (seventh Speaker, Massachusetts), Robert Charles Winthrop (22nd Speaker, Massachusetts), Nathaniel Prentice Banks (25th Speaker, Massachusetts), James G. Blaine (31st Speaker, Maine), Thomas Brackett Reed (36th and 38th, Maine), Frederick Gillett (42nd, Massachusetts), Joseph William Martin, Jr. (49th and 51st, Massachusetts), John William McCormack (53rd, Massachusetts) and Tip O'Neill (55th, Massachusetts).

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ "Abenaki History". abenakination.org. Retrieved 2011-03-28 .
  2. ^ Allen, William (1849). The History of Norridgewock. Norridgewock ME: Edward J. Peet. p. x. Retrieved 2011-03-28 .
  3. ^ a b Bain, Angela Goebel; Manring, Lynne; and Mathews, Barbara. Native Peoples in New England. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Clan.
  4. ^ Maine: A Guide 'Down Eastward,' Federal Writers' Projection, Houghton Mifflin Visitor, Boston, 1937
  5. ^ Wiseman, Fred K. "The Voice of the Dawn: An Autohistory of the Abenaki Nation". p. 70. Retrieved 2011-03-28 .
  6. ^ a b c Charles O. Paullin, Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States.; Edited by John Yard. Wright (1932), Plate 42
  7. ^ a b c William F. Swindler, ed. Sources and Documents of United states of america Constitutions. (1979) Vol. 10; Pps. 17-23.
  8. ^ Paullin, Charles O.; Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Us; Edited past John K. Wright; New York, New York and Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932: Plate 42
  9. ^ Swindler, William F.., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions 10 Volumes; Dobbs Ferry, New York; Oceana Publications, 1973–1979; Vol. 10; pp. 17–23
  10. ^ Van Zandt, Franklin Grand.; Boundaries of the United states and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.; Government Printing Part; 1976, Page 92
  11. ^ Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role (Academy of Chicago Press, 1980)
  12. ^ "The Hull Mint - Boston, MA - Massachusetts Historical Markers on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03 .
  13. ^ "Why Was the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter Revoked?". 14 January 2020.
  14. ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree, Colonial Massachusetts: a history (1979)
  15. ^ Rule of New England
  16. ^ Daniel Scott Smith, "The Demographic History of Colonial New England," Periodical of Economical History, 32 (March 1972), 165-183 in JSTOR
  17. ^ Terry 50. Anderson and Robert Paul Thomas, "White Population, Labor Force and Extensive Growth of the New England Economy in the Seventeenth Century, Periodical of Economic History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sept 1973), pp. 634-667 at p 647, 651 in JSTOR
  18. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People . New York Urban center: Mentor. p. 112. ISBN0-451-62600-1.
  19. ^ Anne Mackin, Americans and their country: the house built on abundance (University of Michigan Press, 2006) p 29
  20. ^ James Ciment, ed. Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History, 2005.
  21. ^ Margaret Alan Newell, "The Birth of New England in the Atlantic Economy: From its Get-go to 1770, in Peter Temin, ed., Engines of Enterprise: An Economical History of New England (Harvard Upward, 2000), pp. xi-68, esp. p. 41
  22. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People . New York City: Mentor. pp. 199–200. ISBN0-451-62600-1.
  23. ^ Gloria L. Primary and Jackson T. Main, "The Red Queen in New England?" William and Mary Quarterly, January 1999, Vol. 56 Issue i, pp 121-50 in JSTOR
  24. ^ George Otto Trevelyan (1899). The American Revolution. p. 93.
  25. ^ "History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America". BLS Web Site. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-06-01 .
  26. ^ Lawrence Cremin American Instruction: The Colonial Experience, 1607-1783 (Harper & Row, 1970)
  27. ^ Maris A. Vinovskis, "Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth-Century America," Journal of Family History," Jan 1987, Vol. 12 Result 1-three, pp xix-37
  28. ^ "Schooling, Education, and Literacy, In Colonial America". faculty.mdc.edu. 2010-04-01. Archived from the original on 2011-01-ten.
  29. ^ Small, Walter H. "The New England Grammar Schoolhouse, 1635-1700." School Review 7 (September 1902): 513-31
  30. ^ James McLachlan, American boarding schools: A historical study (1970)
  31. ^ Arthur Powell, Lessons from Privilege: The American Prep School Tradition (Harvard UP, 1998)
  32. ^ , John R. Thelin, A History of American Higher Instruction (2004) pp 1-twoscore
  33. ^ David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere'southward Ride (1994)
  34. ^ Douglas Harper, "Slavery in New Hampshire" (2003)
  35. ^ Lawrence Delbert Cress, "'Cool and Serious Reflection': Federalist Attitudes toward War in 1812," Journal of the Early Republic vii#2 (1987), pp. 123-145 in JSTOR
  36. ^ "New England". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2008-07-24 .
  37. ^ Van Wyck Brooks, The flowering of New England, 1815-1865 (1941)
  38. ^ William R. Bagnall, The Textile Industries of the United States: Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Catamenia. (1893) Vol. I. Pg 97.
  39. ^ Thomas Dublin, "Lowell Millhands" in Transforming Women'south Work (Cornell Upward) pp 77-118.
  40. ^ a b c d Bidwell, p. 684.
  41. ^ Kelsey, p. i.
  42. ^ Bidwell, p. 688.
  43. ^ Kelsey, p. 4.
  44. ^ a b Bidwell, p. 685.
  45. ^ Gates, p. 39-40.
  46. ^ Bidwell, p. 689.
  47. ^ Russell, p. vi.
  48. ^ Bidwell, p. 687.
  49. ^ a b Russell, p. 337.
  50. ^ Kelsey, p. 5.
  51. ^ Kelsey, p. half dozen.
  52. ^ Temin, p. 109.
  53. ^ Gerard J. Brault, The French-Canadian Heritage in New England (Montreal: McGill-Queen'south Academy Press, 1986) pg 52-54
  54. ^ Claire Quintal, ed., Steeples and Smokestacks. A Collection of essays on The Franco-American Experience in New England (1996)
  55. ^ Sacha Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930: A Historiographical analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England." Canadian Review of American Studies (2002) 32#1 pp: 105-132.
  56. ^ Iris Podea Saunders, "Quebec to 'Little Canada': The Coming of the French Canadians to New England in the Nineteenth Century," New England Quarterly (1950) 23#3 pp. 365-380 in JSTOR
  57. ^ Brault, The French-Canadian Heritage in New England pg.52
  58. ^ Roby, Yves. The Franco-Americans of New England: Dreams and Realities. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004 pg.42
  59. ^ Quintal pp 618-9
  60. ^ a b Ham, Edward Billings (March 1938). "Journalism and the French Survival in New England". The New England Quarterly. The New England Quarterly, Inc. 11 (1): 89–107. doi:x.2307/360562. JSTOR 360562.
  61. ^ Quintal p 614
  62. ^ Quintal p 618
  63. ^ Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930," p 105, quote on p 109
  64. ^ Vincent P. Carosso (1987). The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854-1913. Harvard UP. pp. 607–10. ISBN9780674587298.
  65. ^ John L. Weller, The New Haven Railroad: its rise and fall (1969)
  66. ^ Peter Temin, ed., Engines of Enterprise: An Economic History of New England (2000) p 185
  67. ^ Barel, Gerry (April 2011). "Ski Jumping Article Brings Dorsum Memories for a Reader". Vermont'southward Northland Journal. 10 (1): 31.
  68. ^ Lourdes B. Aviles, Taken by Tempest, 1938: A Social and Meteorological History of the Bully New England Hurricane (2012)
  69. ^ Long, Stephen (September 7, 2011). "Remembering the hurricane of 1938". the Chronicle. Barton, Vermont. p. 3.
  70. ^ Timothy J. Minchin, "The Crompton Endmost: Imports and the Decline of America'southward Oldest Fabric Company, Journal of American Studies (2013) 47#ane pp 231-260 online.
  71. ^ Henry Etzkowitz, MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science (Routledge 2007)
  72. ^ David Koistinen, Confronting Turn down: The Political Economy of Deindustrialization in Twentieth-Century New England (2013)

Bibliography [edit]

  • Feintuch, Burt and David H. Watters, eds. Encyclopedia of New England (2005), comprehensive coverage by scholars; 1596pp
  • Adams, James Truslow. The Founding of New England (1921) online edition; Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923); New England in the Democracy, 1776–1850 (1926)
  • Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919), brusk survey. online edition
  • Axtell, James, ed. The American People in Colonial New England (1973), new social history
  • Bremer, Francis J. The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards (1995).
  • Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. Conquest of New England past the Immigrant (1926). online
  • Buell, Lawrence. New England Literary Culture: From Revolution through Renaissance. (Cambridge Academy Press, 1986), a literary history of New England. ISBN 0-521-37801-Ten
  • Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
  • Daniels, Bruce. New England Nation (2012) 256pp; focus on Puritans
  • Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (1998)
  • Kelsey, Darwin, ed. "Agriculture in New England, 1790-1840." Old Sturbridge Hamlet Enquiry Newspaper. Old Sturbridge, Inc., January 1973.
  • Koistinen, David. "Business organization and Regional Economical Decline: The Political Economy of Deindustrialization in Twentieth-Century New England" Business organisation and economic history online (2014) #12
  • Leighton, Ann. "' Meate and Medicine' in early on New England." History Today (June 1968), Vol. 18 Effect 6, pp 398-405, covers the exercise of medicine 1620 to 1700, with emphasis on claret-letting and the use of herbs.
  • Lockridge, Kenneth A. A New England Town: The Get-go Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736 (1985), new social history online
  • McWilliams, John. New England's Crunch and Cultural Retention: Literature, Politics, History, Religion, 1620–1860. (Cambridge University Press, 2009) excerpt and text search
  • McPhetres, S. A. A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England, states, containing the population and latest ballot returns of every town (1868)
  • Newell; Margaret Ellen. From Dependency to Independence: Economic Revolution in Colonial New England (Cornell Upwards, 1998) online edition
  • Sometime Colony Trust Company, New England: One-time and New, Cambridge: University Press, 1920
  • Palfrey, John Gorham. History of New England (5 vol 1859–90), archetype narrative to 1775; online
  • Richard, Mark Paul. Non a Catholic Nation: The Ku Klux Klan Confronts New England in the 1920s (University of Massachusetts Press, 2015). x, 259 pp.
  • Sletcher, Michael, ed. New England: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004), articles on culture and society by experts
  • Temin, Peter, ed. Engines of Enterprise: An Economic History of New England (Harvard Upward, 2000) online edition [ permanent dead link ]
  • Tucker, Spencer, ed. American Civil War: A Land-past-State Encyclopedia (2 vol 2015) 1019pp excerpt
  • Vaughan, Alden T. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620–1675 (1995) online
  • Weeden, William Babcock, "Economic and Social History of New England, 1620-1789" (2 vol. 1890), sometime but highly detailed and reliable
  • Zimmerman, Joseph F. The New England Town Meeting: Commonwealth in Action (1999)

Surroundings and land utilize [edit]

  • Bidwell, Percy. "The Agronomical Revolution in New England" American Historical Review, Vol. 26, No. 4. (1921). online
  • Black, John D. The rural economy of New England: a regional written report (1950) onlineonline
  • Cenkl, Pavel, ed. Nature and Civilisation in the Northern Woods: Region, Heritage, and Surroundings in the Rural Northeast (Academy of Iowa Printing, 2010).
  • Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (1983) excerpt; also full text
  • Cumbler, John T. Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England, 1790–1930 (2001) online
  • Foster, David R. and John D. Aber, eds. Forests in Time: The Ecology Consequences of 1,000 years of Change in New England (2004)
  • Jarvis, Kimberly A. From the Mountains to the Bounding main: Protecting Nature in Postwar New Hampshire (University of Massachusetts Press, 2020) online review
  • Judd, Richard W. 2d Nature: An Environmental History of New England (Academy of Massachusetts Press, 2014) xiv, 327 pp.
  • Judd, Richard W. Finding Thoreau: The Meaning of Nature in the Making of an Ecology Icon (2018) excerpt
  • Roberts, Strother Eastward. Colonial Environmental, Atlantic Economy: Transforming Nature in Early New England (U of Pennsylvania Printing, 2019) online review
  • Russell, Howard. A Long, Deep Furrow: Three Centuries of Farming in New England (University Press of New England, 1976)
  • Stevenson, C. Ian. "Introducing Ecology History into Vernacular Architecture: Considerations from New England'south Historic Dams." Buildings & Landscapes: Periodical of the Colloquial Architecture Forum 24#two (2017) online.
  • Vogel, Eve, and Alexandra Lacey. "The New Deal versus Yankee independence: the failure of comprehensive development on the Connecticut River, and its long-term consequences." Northeastern Geographer iv.2 (2012): 65-94. online

Primary sources [edit]

  • Dwight, Timothy. Travels Through New England and New York (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) online
  • Who'due south who in New England. A.North. Marquis. 1915. p. one.

External links [edit]

  • Scholarly articles in Massachusetts Historical Review
  • scholarly articles in New England Quarterly
  • Scholarly articles in William and Mary Quarterly

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_England

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